Separate Worlds Essay - 1117 Words

Boys and girls live in separate worlds is a statement made by Esperanza, a girl in The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, who is learning that women and men have different expectations placed on them by society (Cisneros 8). Coming of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody and The House on Mango Street are both novels that relate to Anne and Esperanza, two young women realizing the gender prescriptions that society has established for them and the struggle against those roles. Both Esperanza and Anne attempt to go against the normal socialization of females within our society each in her own experiences and time period. Three of the main areas of gender that can be compared as well as contrasted between the two women are power,†¦show more content†¦Another female who is punished by a male for her beauty is Sally. Her father says that to be this beautiful is trouble (Cisneros 81). After the father punishes Sally she says that he never hits me that hard (Cisneros 92). Th e power that men have over women, from men leaving a poverty stricken home or the violence frequently suffered by these females helps deter Esperanza from loving or relying on anyone but herself. Anne Moodys experience of gender power varies greatly from that of Esperanza. After Annes mother realizes that her husband is cheating on her she fist fought him like a man (Moody 18). The mother ends up leaving Annes biological father when he does not stop cheating on her, even though this puts the family in a harder economic situation than they were already in (Moody 19). Comparing Esperanzas experience from Annes, the myth of the black matriarch comes into view. Perhaps because the black woman faced the necessity to work outside of the home they were less likely to remain in a situation because of economic dependence. The latina woman has less of a chance to leave when they are suffering physical abuse or infidelity because some of them are locked in the house and unable to leave, regardless of the negative financial impact getting out of the situation would have (Cisneros 79). Labor is anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Years 1918-1939, Which Separate World War I From World1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe years 1918-1939, which separate World War I from World War II, witnessed profound changes in how technologically advanced military organizations would fight. In most of the cases, during peacetime, military innovation, and technological developments played an empowering or helping role in advancing profoundly new and more operative ways of fighting. In a narrow and strict sense, such innovative improvements were revolutionary. The technological revolution reached the battlefields and foreverRead More Genes Development in John Knowles A Separate Peace Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesGenes Development in John Knowles A Separate Peace Throughout life, there is always a person who one strives to beat, be better than or rise above. Little does each of them know that in the end the two actually make each other stronger. In John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace (1959), he addresses just this. The novel, told from Gene Forresters point of view, is based on a friendship and rivalry between him and his friend, Finny, during World War II. The two sixteen year olds attend DevonRead MoreThe, Liberty And The Pursuit Of Happiness1679 Words   |  7 Pagestrain conductor and was removed from the train after refusing to move to the jim crow car. The case, Plessy v Ferguson, made it all the way to the supreme court, where in 1896 the justices ruled against Plessy effectively established the doctrine of separate but equal. The notion was flawed from the start. Facilities were usually far from equal and those for blacks were always inferior; restrooms were filthy, entrances were located in alleys, train cars were located near the engine. By 1915 all southernRead More A Separate Peace - Symbolism Essay examples1597 Words   |  7 Pages In John Knowle’s A Separate Peace, symbols are used to develop and advance the themes of the novel. One theme is the lack of an awareness of the real world among the students who attend the Devon Academy. The war is a symbol of the quot;real worldquot;, from which the boys exclude themselves. It is as if the boys are in their own little world or bubble secluded from the outside world and everyone else. Along with their friends, Gene and Finny play games and joke about the war instead of takingRead MoreThe, Segregation, And The Segregation Of The Reconstruction Era, The Jim Crow Law1146 Words   |  5 Pages Separate but not Equal Through the duration of time, segregation has played a consequential role in history. The color of a person’s skin has been a deciding factor on the amount of respect they receive, the level of their education, where they participate in certain activities, and the quality of their job. This has not only been evident in earlier times, but in current times as well. The struggle to achieve equality was made even more difficult by the legislation of racism in the PlessyRead MoreEssay about Finding Peace in A Separate Peace by John Knowles754 Words   |  4 Pagestitling it A Separate Peace. A Separate Peace is a story about Gene Forrester, the protagonist of the story, and his constant struggle with the underlying emotional conflicts presented to him. He has to fight a war within his own mind that every man has to fight for himself. His battles eventually uproot underlying emotions of jealousy, envy towards his friends. These emotions then set off a series of events that change his life forever, and he has to fight more for peace amidst a world of chaos. HeRead MoreSeperate Is Not Equal Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesSeparate is Not Equal The decision rendered by the United States Supreme Court on May 17, 1954, was one of the most defining moments in American history. A multiethnic movement for social change developed into a legal campaign aimed at altering the constitutional basis of government in the United States. This struggle was not only about children and their education, but also about issues of race and equal opportunity in America. The decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka initiated educationalRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education1143 Words   |  5 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court Case that overturned the separate but equal ideology established by the earlier Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). The Plessy vs. Ferguson court case had a profound affect on the social interaction of racial groups in the late 19th to early 20th century causing tension between the two most prominent races within the United States, the Caucasians and the African Americ ans, which included Hispanics and other non-white citizensRead MoreAnalysis of John Knowles A Separate Peace 979 Words   |  4 PagesA Separate peace Analysis Essay A separate peace is great novel written by John Knowles. The novel is about the narrator/ protagonist named Gene Forrester who returned to the prep school in which he attended fifteen years ago. The school is called Devon which is located in New Hampshire. While roaming around the schools campus he reminisced the time he has spent at Devon, especially the year of 1942. During this time, World War II was happening overseas and Gene was sixteen years old which meantRead MoreEssay about Genes Jealousy in A Separate Peace by John Knowles627 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the protagonist Gene Forrester constantly battles within himself to find the true emotion towards his friend Phineas and to find out who he really is. Gene and Phineas formed an illusion of companionship, but there was always a silent rivalry between them in Gene’s mind. In the beginning, Gene thought his feeling towards Phineas was completely normal and it will go away in t ime. However, as the time went on and Gene matured he found out that his feeling

Thyroid Cancer - 1994 Words

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adams apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine†¦show more content†¦If the gland appears to be enlarged, the physician may order further tests to diagnose or rule out cancer. These tests include: a CT scan or ultrasonography. The ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves that are emitte d and received by a transducer that is passed over the neck region. The sound waves penetrate the body, and by electronic readings, the sound waves are arranged on a computer screen into a picture image of the thyroid gland and any tumors (Thackery 1058). Another test used is the thyroid scan. A patient is given radioactive iodine to drink. After the iodine has been absorbed by the thyroid, the patient must lie on his or her back with the neck region positioned under a scanner. The information received by the scanner is then sent to a computer that displays a 2-dimensional image of the thyroid used to identify areas in the thyroid that do not absorb iodine normally (Surks 165). The most accurate diagnostic tool for thyroid cancer is biopsy. The test is done in a hospital operating room under a general anesthesia. A sedative is usually given by an injection about one hour before the procedure. A small incision is made in the neck, and either side of the thyroid or the entire lump is removed. The sample is sent to a laboratory to be examined. If thyroid cancer is detected, the thyroid is removed (Shin 420). There are basically four different types of treatments used on patients with cancer of theShow MoreRelated Thyroid Cancer Essay1987 Words   |  8 Pages The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adams apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with twoRead MoreThyroid Cancer Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesThyroid Cancer is a thyroid neoplasm that develops in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland consists of two large lobes that are connected by the isthmus and is located below the larynx on both sides of the trachea. The gland secretes hormones from the hypothalamus that may be stored in the colloid or released into the blood in capillaries. In the endocrine system, the thyroid gland secretes hormones that act on cells with specific receptors called target cells. When cancer develops in the thyroidRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Thyroid Cancer1656 Words   |  7 Pagesof choice is thyroid cancer. Recently my mother was diagnosed with this cancer so doing research can help me better understand what it is, what causes its occurrence, and what lifestyle changes it will bring. Having taken anatomy physiology I know the importance of this gland. This is a gland that has functions to many other organs including the heart, brain, liver, and more. Going into the DMS program I can learn to identify spots on the thyroid and use the knowledge of this cancer to in my careerRead MoreThe Incidence Of Thyroid Cancer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly rising in the US accounting for 62,980 cases with 1890 deaths every year[1]. It is the seven th most common cancer diagnosed in women and peaks earlier than in men. Despite its high prevalence, death rate from thyroid cancer is fairly stable from past many years. In general, thyroid cancer offers a good prognosis with an overall survival rate of approximately 90%[2]. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) termed as differentiatedRead MoreAnatomy And Physiology : Thyroid Cancer4045 Words   |  17 PagesTHYROID CANCER 1 Thyroid Cancer Nicholas M. Madathilate Anatomy and Physiology, Period 6 Pine View School 16 December 2014 THYROID CANCER 2 What is thyroid cancer, and is it dangerous? To answer this one must first know the function of the thyroid. A thyroid is a gland at the front of the neck right under the soundRead MoreClinical Trials And Thyroid Cancer1254 Words   |  6 PagesTrials and Thyroid Cancer: Thyroid cancer is often recurrent and difficult to treat. As a result, patients have been taking part in clinical trials of new and innovative treatments. Clinical trials are defined as carefully controlled research studies that are done with volunteer patients. Differentiated thyroid cancer, as explained in a previous section, can be divided into papillary, follicular, and Hà ¼rthle cell arising from follicular cells. The hallmark of follicular thyroid cells is theRead MoreAiding The Fight Against Thyroid Cancer1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Fight Against Thyroid Cancer: One Throat At a Time. WARNING: The following information may be hard to swallow. â€Å"The American Cancer Society predict[ed] 62,450 people w[ould] be diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2015† (2). Though this amount is relatively small, patients can always find comfort and assistance in organizations such as the American Thyroid Association (ATA). â€Å"The ATA is the leading organization focused on thyroid biology and the prevention and treatment of thyroid disorders. PerformedRead MoreThyroid Cancer : A Common Endocrine Malignant Tumor Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pages Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignant tumor (1). Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common of the well-differentiated carcinomas (85%) (2) and is characterized by distinctive nuclear features. Most thyroid tumors can be readily diagnosed using histopathologic criteria, which allow the pathologist to differentiate benign from malignant lesions and guarantee an accurate classification for the majority of the variants of carcinomas derived from follicular epithelial cells. HoweverRead MoreDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents500 Words   |  2 PagesDiscussion Medullary thyroid cancer is an indolent neuroendocrine tumor that frequently presents with disseminated disease. While locally advanced tumor in the neck and mediastinum can be treated with surgery either for palliative or curative intent, distant metastases are not often amenable to operative excision. Metastatic MTC has a similarly poor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Viable therapeutic options for distant metastatic disease are still absent. Survival rate after discoveryRead MoreThyroid Cancer Case Study749 Words   |  3 PagesThyroid cancer can be present in two forms, papillary and follicular. Fortunately, we know a great deal about follicular thyroid cancer because it is most common. Papillary cancer can be present in the well differentiated form or poorly differentiated form. We know from previous studies and cases that the well differentiated form can be treated with radioactive iodine therapy and surgical removal, but the poorly differentiated form cannot be tre ated with this method. Mutations in the PI3K/AKT signaling

Riluzole in the treatment of Lou Gehrig’s disease Free Essays

Introduction Lou Gehrig’s disease is often referred to as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), this is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons come from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the entire body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS would eventually leads to their death. We will write a custom essay sample on Riluzole in the treatment of Lou Gehrig’s disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is also lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, for this reason patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed (Choi, 1988). ALS is led to mean no muscle nourishment. When a muscle has no nourishment, it atrophies or wastes away hence the name. In addition to this, lateral shows the areas in a person’s spinal cord where part of the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As this area degenerates, it leads to scarring or hardening (sclerosis) in this particular region. As motor neurons degenerate, this obviously means they can no longer send impulses to the muscle fibers that otherwise normally result in muscle movement. Early symptoms of ALS often include increasing muscle weakness, especially involving the arms and legs, speech, swallowing or breathing. When muscles no longer receive the messages from the motor neurons that they require to function, the muscles begin to atrophy (become smaller). Limbs begin to look thinner as muscle tissue atrophies (Choi, 1988). Neurodegeneration is used mainly for diseases that are characterised by progressive loss of structure and function of neurons. There are many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that occurs as a result of neurodegenerative processes in selective areas. Several molecular studies have been designed both in animal models and in humans to determine the physiopathology of the disease in order to develop new approaches for neurodegeneration. ALS is a neurological disease of unknown origin which is characterised by a selective degeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons this progresses to paralysis and death over a period of time. ALS diagnosis is based on the El Escorial criteria carried out on mainly clinical and electrophysiological findings in four body regions. Also around 95% of ALS patients are sporadic whereas 5% are familial. In this particular group approximately 15% are caused by mutations in the SOD one gene that codes for the CuZn superoxide dismutase-1 (Bensimon, 1994). This is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The symptoms and pathology of familial ALS patients with SOD1 mutations resemble those of patients with sporadic ALS. This suggests there are common mechanisms of neuron degeneration in both forms of the diseases. Several potential mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in ALS have been projected. These include the involvement of environmental and genetic factors, autoimmune phenoma, increased oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity, viral infections, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytoskeletal abnormalities. This means that each mechanism involvedin the pathogenesis of ALS may represent a possible thjerapeutic approach to counteract neurodegeneration. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neuro transmitter in the central nervous system which acts at both iono-tropic and metabotropic receptors, the primary ionotropic receptor classes being N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and (AMPA)/kainite. Extracellular glutamate levels are regulated by transporters, they have different transporter classes on neurons and on astrocytes, however most of the glutamate uptake appears to be mediated astrocytes. Excessive glutamate exposure is toxic to neurons which is most likely that is results from glutamate triggeredCa2+ entering the neurons. Also inhibitors of glutamate uptake can cause selective motor neuron damage in organotypic slice and in dissociated spinal cord culture models. This suggests that the increased extracellular glutamate concentration could add to motor neuron damage in ALS. Furthermore, observations of deficient glutamate transport capacity in affected regions of spinal cord and motor cortex show a likely reason for the rises in ex tracellular glutamate concentration. The only drug proven to slow the process of human ALS is the anti-excitotoxic compound Riluzole, which is an anti-convulsant and a neuro-protective agent and specifically blocks sodium channels in their inactivated states. This inhibits the release of glutamate by inactivating voltage dependent Na+ channels that are on the glutamatergic nerve terminals as well as activating a G-protein dependant signal transduction process, this slows down disease progression and in turn increases the patient’s survival rate. In addition to this Riluzole can also block some of the postsynaptic effects of glutamate, this is done by non-competitive inhibition at NMDA and AMPA receptors. For this reason a non competitive modulator of AMPA glutamate receptors has been used in clinical trials in ALS patients (Barbeito, 1996). Several studies showed that also the clearance of glutamate from neuromuscular synapases is slowed down in patients with ALS due to the loss of a glutamate transporter which is the excitatory amino acid transporter 2, this is of huge importance for synaptic glutamate re-uptake. A loss of high-affinity glutamate transport transport has been identified in specific brain regions and spinal cord of patients with ALS (Bensimon, 1996). From the above these results suggest that the defect in glutamate transport could be responsible for high elevations in extracellular glutamate. These results have supported the use of cephalosporins in ALS because of their antiexcitatory properties, this is done by increasing EAAT2 promoter activity. Also for human studiesthird generation ceftriaxone has been selected because of its superior CNS penetration and long half life. From this ceftriaxone observed a considerable improvement of antioxidant oxidative stress status in ALS patients after treatment. Riluzole treatment has been tested in trials which examine tracheostomy free survival rate, this included 974 riluzole treated patients. In respect to this the methodological quality of the experiment was acceptable and the trails were easily comparable. The results show that riluzole 100mg per day would provide benefits to the homogenous groups of patients with no evidence of heterogeneity. Also there was a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year. Furthermore there was a small beneficial effect on both bulbar and limb functions but had no effect on muscle strength. Another significant effect which is represented in these results are a threefold increase in serum alanine transferase, this was more frequent in riluzole treated patients than the controls in the experiment (Wahl, 1997). In conclusion Riluzole 100mg daily is fairly safe and most likely prolongs median surbival by around two to three months in patients with amyotrophic lacteral sclerosis. However more research needs to be done to treat Lou Gehrigs disease such as different therapeutic strategies and oxidative stress in ALS can be looked at in further depths. References Barbeito, L. Estevez, A. and Stutzmann, J. Peluffo, H. (1996) Riluzole promotes motoneuron survival by stimulating neurotrophic activity produced by spinal astrocyte monolayers, J. Neurotrauma, 13: 629. Bensimon, G., Lacomblez, L., Meininger, V. (1994). A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral. sclerosis, New Engl. J. Med., 330 : 585–591. Choi, D. (1988). Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases to the nervous system. Neuron, 1: 523–634. Bensimon, G. Guillet, P. Lacomblez, L. Leigh, P. Meininger,V. (1996). Dose-ranging study of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet, 347: 1425–1431. Mary, V. Wahl, F. Stutzmann, M. (1995). Effect of riluzole on quinolinate-induced neuronal damage in rats: comparison with blockers of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neurosci Lett. 201: 92–96. Wahl, F. Renou, E. Stutzmann, J. (1997). Riluzole reduces brain lesions and improves neurological function in rats after a traumatic brain injury. Brain Research, 756: 247–255. How to cite Riluzole in the treatment of Lou Gehrig’s disease, Essay examples

Creating And Delivering Value In Marketing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Creating And Delivering Value In Marketing? Answer: Introduction TNA was co-foundered by Nadia Taylor and Alf in the year 1982 based on the innovative idea of Nadia Taylor. TNAs commercial builds on the progress of innovative packing equipment. TNA has developed from a small Australian firm into a large establishment operating in over 24 countries universally. With a history straddling over twenty years, The Company has grown from a packaging machine purveyor initially steering snack food invention lines to become transnationally recognized as a spearhead in packaging technology and elucidations. The company Management from various meetings has found that Corporation is not well accessible in such big nations like India and Pakistan in Asia continent and Nigeria in Africa. These three states have together at least twenty percent of the global populace. However, administration indicates that it will be too for TNA organize construction in all three nations at the same time. Organization Overview Some aspects such as the potential for growth characterize companies going international. Every company should always have a potential for growth in future to improve the final profit realization. This always acts as the most vital cause of businesses deciding to expand universally. TNA Company in this aspect should choose to go international to grow its operation in Asia and Africa (Nigeria). Perhaps it is the mutual reason on the list for going global. In addition, it is the potential for development. The innocuous course is continual to start locally and grow from the substance currently established locally (Baker 2014). However, what characteristically happens is that company have expanded and amplified sales in successive years and then abruptly your sales fall flush. This is the low glass top limit at work, whereby there are not any individuals to sell. In which situation, the company sign to go and start dominating the world. Small Home Market also gives morale for companies to go and operate in outside markets. Every company wishes to work in a region that has significant markets as when compared to countries having small markets. In large markets, businesses will be able to sell their products more hence rise in sales volume, which in turn improves the profit realization. In this case, TNA will decide to go and operate in Nigeria, Pakistan and India that are believed to have a high population, which in turn means there will be good markets as customer numbers will be high. The research of Wood (2014) says that recruitment of marketing each country has its own rules governing advertising and publicising, and these controlling requirements extend to outdated recruitment marketing as well as online publicizing. When enticing overseas talent, a global proprietor must ensure its advertising approaches comply with all fundamental and national laws relating to issues such as required revelations, intellectual stuff rights, and user privacy shields. In addition to fulfilling these regulations, companies (TNA) must also guarantee that any enrolment marketing or advertising operations or content, including something as humble as posting a job to an original job board, relics non-discriminatory and tolerates by any country-specific employment correlated quota requirements, which are collected in many multinational bazaars. They must also regulate the language necessities for the job postings and guarantee that, before posting, nothing is lost in paraphrasing. Analysis of international markets TNA management has decided to invest in the three countries under consideration. Analysis of their markets is as follows; Nigeria has extensive natural resources, inexpensive labour, and a constitutionally elected government. Its current economic growth hangs on the non-oil sector, predominantly construction, communications, wholesale/retail employment, hotel and cafeteria services, engineering, and agriculture. At this period, raising proceeds through the development and consumer expenditure, which accounts for seventy percent of GDP, pushing the economy frontward. Major disablements to development and trade comprise a small power hoard, deficient transportation structure, a slow and ineffective jurisdictional system, and prevalent corruption. Nigeria can be a good market for companies that can meet the expense of and learn to steer a complex and evolving corporate environment. Established transnationals that have mastered functioning in this chaotic regulatory atmosphere make subst antial profits notwithstanding the countrys low revenue levels and logistical complications (Edwin et al., 2016). The Nigerian Government endures promoting Nigeria as a satisfying target for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In India, consumer section broadly segregated into urban and countryside markets and is attracting marketers from crossways the world. The segment comprises of a huge mid class, relatively large prosperous class and a small thriftily disadvantaged class, with expenditure anticipated to more than twofold by the year 2025. Another key factor propelling the request for food amenities in India is the increasing youth population, principally in the countrys urban sections. India has a significant base of young clients who form the mainstream of the workforce and, due to spell constraints, barely get time for food preparation. Another factor is online gateways are expected to play a significant role for firms trying to enter the vicinities. The Internet has backed in a big way, enabling a cheaper and more expedient means to increase a companys grasp. Pakistan consists of a high population of more than 180 million individuals, making it the sixth most populated nation on earth and that quantity is expected to cultivate to over 210 million people by the year 2020. For numerous years now Pakistans IT segment has been increasing rapidly, led by a new tendency of bright young impresarios, programmers and originators (Chaudhri and Malik, 2014). Recently some leading international troupes like Google, China Mobile and Samsung have taken sign and made significant hoards in the countrys evolving tech industry. Investors and specialists East and West are taking a closer look at Pakistan, and the principal role that it will play in the world frugality in years to come. From the analysis of the countries under consideration, the TNA management should decide to invest in Pakistan due to its high populace which means the market is large and in turn the sales volume will be high than India and Nigeria. A study by Kruesi and Hemmington (2017) growing technology in the country also should be significantly considered, as it will enhance smooth marketing plans for any company in operation hence improving some sales. Nigeria and India play a better site of the enterprise to operate in, but the best option tends to be Pakistan as there are more international companies like Samsung and Google that have set their operations there meaning the existence of vibrant markets. To improve sales and marketing in these countries, TNA management team should come up with a good marketing plan that will shape the results after selling the product. Good marketing plan characterizes high sales, as it will cater for every aspect needing consideration in the region. Every org anization should be in a position to ensure they have an effective strategy to market their products, which in turn will improve the volume of sales. However, across the globe, each country comprise of risks associated with international companies entering their market. Risk assessment is a vital aspect that should be considered when selecting international markets. For instance, in Nigeria, there are risks associated and each investor should examine them efficiently. Macro-Economic disorder and market volatility are most common risks in Nigeria; risk executives cited severe macroeconomic situations and market instability as their top two jeopardies. Currently, Nigeria is pretentious by several macro tasks, which include little product/service prices, the Chinese stoppage and the shrinkage of US monetary policy. It is also grief from its internal burdens such as inflation, weak domestic demand, and socio-political pressures. Analysts say that a feebler macroeconomic environment, the harassed financial sector, little infrastructure, insufficient health, and inadequate education hold countrys development back. The cyber threat is no t left off as one of the intimidation that companies should timepiece out for in Nigeria in the year 2017. According to the information, the most conjoint cyber threats are from hackers, disgruntled employees, inattention and competitors. This is a double-edged blade to the country as Africa continent has a precise role in embracing and retorting to new technologies equated to mature markets while hurtling up cyber security and particular data protection legislatures (Solomon 2014). Competition analysis Lucky vendors are those who can coxswain their organizations through the tempestuous marketing environment and do it healthier than competitors do. Though easy to say, in a run through it is not tranquil to do. A study by Asiedu (2015) suggests that many inexpensive industries and associations are challenging to infiltrate, despite all the intellect techniques that may be accessible to get data. Regardless of this, any efficient organization has to guise at the competition, and furthermore, be cognisant how the environment of competition can chaperon its strategy. To distinguish how best to contest, as well as the scrutiny given above, TNA packing company desires to know the way participants measure themselves, their policy to date, their significant assets and faintness and likely future approach. In the first of these, knowing the means, competitors see themselves much can be erudite from public versions, interviews, and the occupation press. Other ways are to have TNA viable perso nnel, taking part in trade circuses, purchase the contestant's product and take it apart, or cosset in "spying." In identifying the opponent's strategy to date, it is not adequate to believe what they ground but to renovate their approach. Evaluating possessions is difficult. It is indispensable to look at their creation, marketing, financial and administrative resources and by these three, it is imaginable to guess the future. The company should know that not all competitors are inherently wrong. Decent competitors can engross demand fluctuations, enlarge the market, increase incentive, and act responsively to the business (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2013). Recommendations Competitive strategy is an important aspect of international marketing. Each company should always consider the plan much to enter the market by a large advantage. Value chain examination espouses three characters for commercialization in an international competitive strategy (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014, p674). The first narrates to the conformation of marketing. It may be beneficial to concentrate some publicising activities in one or a few republics. A second role recounts to the harmonization of activities transversely countries to gain influence say, or know how. A third precarious role of marketing is its starring role in tapping occasions for upstream advantage in the assessment chain. It can be problematic for a small or medium-sized establishment to figure an international marketing plan since they commonly do not have the knowledge or budget to inaugurate the campaign. By collaborating with another group or hiring publicising experts with information on foreign markets, co mpanies can shape their cultural research and gadget more successful movements. According to Barney (2014), whether a corporation chooses to collaborate with another external agency or employs an inside international marketing illustrative, the most prominent facade of building a successful global marketing campaign is the investigation conducted. The research will apprise the company's marketing undertaking as they proceed, consenting them to maximize impending in the new markets. Once the study is completed and a marketplace chosen, specialists should inspect and modify a product's marketing strategy so that it hysterics their mark demographics. Hiring agents from the country will help confirm that all cultural alterations are handled appropriately and with compassion. For a new international brand, TNA should start partnerships, and schmooze with other companies in the new republic and these will turn essential for achievement. Partners within a goal market help new businesses launch themselves in markets where they would else have gone unobserved. Conclusion Finally, it is significant for TNA to review an international marketing policy on a quarterly basis. Even if a corporation sends representatives to foldaway to the overseas market, it is much further difficult to keep an extremity on the pulse of an international marketing campaign. This means that grades need pursuing extremely meticulously, and should regularly be made to help a merchandise gain the proper foothold for success (Crivelli and Grschl, 2016) References Asiedu, E., 2015. Developing Market as a Source of Competitive Advantage: The Role of Management Tools. Elixir International Journal of Management Arts. ISSN, pp.36319-20. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015. Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014. Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Barney, J.B., 2014. Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia. Chaudhri, E.U. and Malik, H., 2014. A Model for Monetary Policy Analysis in Pakistan: The Role of Foreign Exchange and Credit Markets. March, mimeo. Crivelli, P. and Grschl, J., 2016. The impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on market entry and trade flows. The World Economy, 39(3), pp.444-473. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013. International marketing. Cengage Learning. Edwin, S.F., Diego, J.V., Jorge, J.V. and Edwin, S.D., 2016. Generation of competitive advantage through BASC management system in the ironmongery sales. CIENCIA UNEMI, 9(21), pp.27-35. Fletcher, R. and Crawford, H., 2013. International marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hollensen, S., 2015. Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kruesi, M., Kim, P.B. and Hemmington, N., 2017. Evaluating foreign market entry mode theories from a hotel industry perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 62, pp.88-100. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014. Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Solomon, M.R., 2014. Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being (Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Siguaw, J.A. and Simpson, P.M., 2015. A marketing plan for marketing instruction: A satirical look at student comments. In Creating and Delivering Value in Marketing (pp. 129-133). Springer, Cham. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014. International business. Pearson Education Limited. Wood, M.B., 2014. The marketing plan handbook. Pearson.

Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity The WritePass Journal

Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity Abstract Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity Abstract1. Introduction2. The Concept of Backlash3. Backlash and the Contemporary Positions of Men and Women in Organisations4. ConclusionReferencesRelated Title: Backlash has been described as a complicated struggle over normativity (Robinson, 2000). What does this mean? How can the concept of backlash help us understand the relative positioning of men and women in organizations? Abstract Men have historically occupied an invisible, gendered space within the work environment. Their privileges compared to women, and their power compared with women, have gone unnoticed through this invisibility.  Ã‚   Through feminism, there has gradually arisen an awareness of these hidden inequalities, and the ways in which men have been prioritised as the ‘neutral’, over-riding voice in the workplace. This awareness has led to some redistribution of power, as women take on greater responsibility, more powerful roles, and obtain better pay. However, the consequences of this have been that men have, in some instances, started to see themselves as victims of women’s growth in the workplace through the phenomenon of backlash. Although seemingly a simple concept, backlash is complex and tricky to measure, and has a number of consequences for both men and women.  Ã‚   The notion of normativity helps us understand the ways in which victimhood has been appropriated by some men to reclaim the power they feel they have lost.  Ã‚   Ideas around backlash and normativity have had a number of repercussions for the workplace and organisational politics, some detrimental to women’s position, although there are suggestions that the right approach to equality can overcome these issues. 1. Introduction The following essay will look at the concept of ‘backlash’, the notion that people are resisting structured organisational attempts to ensure that marginalised workers are employed and given opportunities for promotion. While the concept embraces a number of marginalised workers, for example people of colour and people with disabilities (Burke and Black 1997), this essay will consider only the case of ‘backlash’ for men against women employees.  Ã‚   Male ‘backlash’, it has been claimed, has existed for some considerable time, and is stronger now than in the past (Faludi 1991).   Backlash can be unconscious: men may be unaware that they hold the attitudes they do towards women (Burke and Black 1997). First, the notion of ‘backlash’ will be discussed, and the ideas that it presents â€Å"a complicated struggle over normativity† (Robinson, 2000) analysed. Next, the essay will consider how the notion of backlash is useful for understanding the hierarchical relationships between men and women in organisations. 2. The Concept of Backlash In order to understand the concept of backlash, it is first necessary to look more closely at men’s position within organisations.  Ã‚   It has been argued that men’s status as gendered goes unnoticed by themselves and by others within the organisation.  Ã‚   Men are assumed to be the norm, and to speak for the whole of human kind (Nelson 2006).   Typically, men in organisations are unaware of themselves as men, with â€Å"self-knowledge as gendered subjects †¦ noticeably absent† (Whitehead 2001, p. 309).  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the state of being a man means occupying one of (at least) two possible gendered positions.   While gender is a visible ‘fact’, with most (but not all) men and women being visually distinguished as such, behind this ‘fact’ â€Å"gender is enacted, and society has a pattern of practices and expectations that make this enactment visible† (Bilimoria and Kristin, 2007, p. 38).   Ã‚  Ã‚  While often seen as a genderless, cerebral environment, the workplace, no less than other cultural and social contexts, is one in which organisational decisions are made in an embodied, gendered context (Whitehead and Moodley 1999).   Within the workplace, gender differences exist both visibly and invisibly, and at a number of different levels.   One of the most important of these levels is the symbolic: the ways in which language, clothing, physical symbols, printed media and similar function to express positions about gender. Ideas, attitudes and perceptions also contribute to the complex mix of engenderment in the organisation. The social and political structures of an organisation might appear neutral, however it is likely to be based upon invisible engenderment at deeper levels (Blanpain et al 2008). It should be noted, however, that recognition of the gendered nature of the workplace should not be taken as a simple binary between male and female: â€Å"transgender identities further complicate notions of the gendered subject†. Additionally, invisibilities of sexuality further complicate the matter: the relationship of lesbian to womanhood, and the gay man to masculine identities, needs also to be considered   (Melzer 2006). There is an unfair balance of power between men and women in the workplace, with men generally getting better pay, conditions and holding higher positions within organisations. Women’s abilities as leaders often go unnoticed or are ignored, and the phenomenon of the ‘glass ceiling’ is well-documented (Haslett et al 1992).   This unfair balance seems to be a function of men’s invisibility as gendered subjects: if men are perceived unconsciously to be the norm, then women are by definition outside the norm, and are consequently subject to poorer work conditions including pay and promotion. One reaction to this is for the oppressed groups to act to make people aware of men’s privileges and bring to light their hidden engenderment.   This opens the possibility of making the inequalities between men and women visible to all.   Mutua (2006) describes â€Å"unearned benefits† which men possess, just by being born men, and suggests that rather than seeing the inequalities between men and women in the workplace in terms of how poorly women are treated, we reverse this and look at, for example, how much more men earn on average than do women (Mutua 2006). In general, there has been a concerted effort in many countries to make gender inequalities in the workplace more visible (Kabeer et al 2008). This can, however, make the privileged group – men – defensive and angry.   By making people more aware of male engenderedness, and by   bringing   the inequalities that this hides to light, ‘backlash’ can result, as men start to see themselves as victims.  Ã‚   As such, they begin to occupy an ambivalent position, both invisible and visible. There are reasons for men to claim both these states. Robinson suggests that men have good reason to want to be invisible, as invisibility allows them to continue to enjoy benefits that women cannot access.   However, they can also gain from being visible, and visible as an oppressed group, a victim of female power (Robinson 2000).   Faludi (1991) made the concept of ‘backlash’ popular.   While, she suggested, anti-feminist feeling has always played a part in modern America, there have been particular incidences of backlash in recent history, particularly when â€Å"women are poised to make real gains in social and political life† (Boyd 2007, p. 5).   For Faludi (1991) backlash works by presenting an opposite position as the truth, and by blaming women for wider social difficulties, that is, blaming feminism for creating problems for women, rather than offering a solution to such problems (Walby 1997) The notion of ‘backlash’ is often presented as a simple reaction by men against a growth in women’s rights. However, the idea is more complex than this suggests. For example, it can cover different types of male resistance to attempts to redress inequalities between the sexes: men who may once have approved of this in principle, but now no longer do so, and those who have never approved of equality for women (Goode 1982). Backlash has also changed over time, with Faludi (1991) arguing that it is more common now than in the past. This increase may be down to a number of reasons including increased competition in organisations for pay and position, the growth of political correctness in the workplace, and increased media coverage of gender inequalities. Men are also increasingly aware of how the workplace is changing, with women gradually gaining more power and taking on roles that used to be the sole preserve of men (Burke and Black 1997).   Backlash can also be seen as a function of male insecurity over a changing world, as men blame women’s increased power for ills which befall them.  Ã‚   These feelings are fuelled by a predominantly right-wing media and corporate culture (Kimmel 2004). Estimates vary regarding the prevalence of backlash. Early studies (Astrachan 1986; AMOI 1988) suggested that up to 90% of men were in favour of women maintaining a traditional role.   While backlash in organisations seems to have been clearly identified, there are relatively few empirical studies assessing its prevalence, and a lack of clarity about the best ways of measuring it. Many researchers use the Implicit Association Test, a wider social psychology test designed to measure automatic associations between mental concepts in memory as a way of quantifying implicit stereotypes about gender (Rudman and Glick 2001) There are also different understandings of the impact of backlash on the wider workplace: backlash can increase tension between men and women, makes bonds between men stronger, and can fracture relationships between women to the extent that women have carved a role within the male environment or not (Burke and Black 1997). Backlash is sometimes known as ‘competing victim syndrome’, a term used by Cox (1995) to describe the ways in which, in education, boys interest groups tried to define a position of victims of feminism (Mills 2001). There are several factors which can exacerbate backlash.     If an organisation lacks effective communication both about the phenomenon of backlash and measures that can be taken to combat it, men are likely to be suspicious of any changes. If a clear case is made for proactive measures for women, backlash is less likely (Gandossy et al 2006).   If men are excluded from equality planning, or if they are not seen as part of the solution to inequalities, then this can also make backlash feel worse.   Organisations can take practical steps to including men in such planning, for example identifying a core group of men who are committed to women’s rights and ensuring support from senior management (Ruxton 2004).  Ã‚   Certain organisational structures can also make backlash more intense. For example, where a culture of blame is fostered, with men seen as the causes of women’s disadvantage, men are more likely to react negatively against any perception that womenâ⠂¬â„¢s situation in the workplace is improving.   Equally, if the organisational culture has prioritised men and masculinity, perhaps unconsciously, men may react more strongly against women’s improving situation (Angus 1993). It is also possible that backlash is stronger in organisations where a higher number of minority employees have been taken onto the workforce. As we have seen, the concept of backlash is not as simple as it has sometimes been portrayed in the media (for example, a recent daily mail article appeared to blame feminism for crises in the National Health Service (Phillips 2011)), but rather, as Robinson suggested, it may rather be a complicated struggle over normativity. That is, it concerns a wider debate about the concept of the ‘norm’ and what is considered the ‘normal’ in society today.  Ã‚   The notion of the norm can be seen as rooted in concepts of the natural, and what is inherent or given in human nature, rather than a social, political or cultural construct.   By recognising that the ‘norm’ is, in fact, a construct, we open ourselves to the possibility that the given can be changed.   Feminism in general can be seen as a struggle against the notion that femininity and masculinity as they are experienced in today’s society are fixed. This notion that the female (or mal e) is a given is supported by much of contemporary science (Cameron 1995).  Ã‚   Robinson suggests, in this context, that seeing men as victims of feminism is not as straightforward as a reversal of positive discrimination, but is part of a larger debate about the ways in which normality is defined, and hence as part of a debate about normativity (Robinson 2000).   As Robinson (2000) points out, the notion of masculinity, and the understanding of what it means to be male, is open to debate, can be challenged, and may change.   He also emphasises that the debate over normativity is one about power; who holds power in society, and whether they rightfully do so. Seen in this context, the move by which men have presented themselves as victims is not simply one which happened by chance. Instead, men have been able to take on board the power that is currently vested in the ‘victim’: portraying themselves as oppressed (Bekerman and Zembylas 2011).   Backlash, under these terms, becomes a complex struggle for control over scarce resources and power over the symbolic languages in which notions of masculinity and femininity are normalised.   Men use backlash as a means of making themselves visible as men   and as victims, to accrue the benefits which come with being seen as the disadvantaged partner (Robinson 2000).   Consequently, by claiming the status of victims, men are able to maintain their position as those in power and control, with the added respect and material gains that goes along with this. Privileges are masked by the guise of victimhood which men have decided to wear.  Ã‚   It should be noted, however, this iss ue is made more complex by debates about the notion of power. Some suggest that power relationships are a myth, while there is an illusion that power is vested in the hands of a minority, in fact all groups in society are oppressed: â€Å"power is actually a form of a myth which subjugates all people† (Bad Subjects 1998, p. 55). 3. Backlash and the Contemporary Positions of Men and Women in Organisations The above suggests that backlash is a complex concept which underpins recent developments in contemporary awareness of feminism and women’s rights. But what repercussions does this have for understanding the positions of both men and women within organisations? There are signs that backlash is thriving in business and business organisations. Writing of the USA in the early years of the 21st Century, Bilimora and Piderit suggest that women were increasingly ‘opting out’ of the business world, for example moving on to start their own businesses, partly as a result of a backlash against the notion that women can ‘have it all’ and successfully juggle home and work (Bilimora and Piderit 2007).   This move to self-employment and starting one’s own business as a way of stepping outside the hostility of the male-dominated business environment has been reported elsewhere, for example The United States Small Business Association reported a 58% growth i n women running businesses (SBA 1993), while Carey and Bryant (1995) suggested that women-run businesses were expanding into previously male-dominated areas (Carey and Bryant 1995).   It has also been reported that women can experience hostility as result of special initiatives designed to promote equality, can become over insular as they bond together in women-only networks, thus ruling out the possibility of a further assault on male power structures, and open to charges of elitism (McCarthy 2004). However, some organisations have found that promoting equality measures in the right way can avoid backlash. Wittenberg-Cox and Maitland (2009) describe the case study of Nestle, who sought to prioritise gender equality within the workplace. They rejected the diversity approach popular in the USA in favour of promoting gender balance. Their approach was to involve men, and particularly male leaders, from the outset, with gender awareness workshops for leaders and executives. They found that this approach saw men committed to and leading organisational change, and the company thus â€Å"avoided the backlash that is common in companies that launch â€Å"women’s† initiatives† (Wittenberg-Cox and Maitland 2009). 4. Conclusion To summarise, men have historically occupied an invisible, gendered space within the work environment. Their privileges compared to women, and their power compared with women, have gone unnoticed through this invisibility.  Ã‚   Through feminism, there has gradually arisen an awareness of these hidden inequalities, and the ways in which men have been prioritised as the ‘neutral’, over-riding voice in the workplace. This awareness has led to some redistribution of power, as women take on greater responsibility, more powerful roles, and obtain better pay. However, the consequences of this have been that men have, in some instances, started to see themselves as victims of women’s growth in the workplace through the phenomenon of backlash. Although seemingly a simple concept, backlash is complex and tricky to measure, and has a number of consequences for both men and women.   Ã‚  The notion of normativity helps us understand the ways in which victimhood has been a ppropriated by some men to reclaim the power they feel they have lost.  Ã‚   Ideas around backlash and normativity have had a number of repercussions for the workplace and organisational politics, some detrimental to women’s position, although there are suggestions that the right approach to equality can overcome these issues.    References AMOI (1988) ‘American Male Opinion Index’, Conde Nast, New York Angus, L B (1993) Education, inequality, and social identity, Routledge, USA/ UK Astrachan, A (1986) How Men Feel: Their responses to Women’s Demands for Equality and Power,   Anchor, New York. Bad Subjects Production Team (1998) Bad subjects: political education for everyday life, NYU Press, USA. Bekerman, Z and Zembylas, M (2011) Teaching Contested Narratives: Identity, Memory and Reconciliation in Peace Education and BeyondAuthorsZvi Bekerman, Michalinos ZembylasPublisherCambridge University Press, 2011 Bilimora, D and Piderit, S K (2007) Handbook on women in business and management,   Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007 Cheltenham Glos. Blanpain, R, Dickens, L and Kaj, S (2008) Challenges of European employment relations: employment regulation, trade union organization, equality, flexicurity, training and new approaches to pay, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands. Boyd, S B (2007) Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change, UBC Press, USA Burke, R J and Black, S (1997), ‘Save the Males: Backlash in Organisations’, Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 933-942. Cameron, D (1995) Verbal hygiene: The politics of language, Routledge, UK Carey, A, and Bryant, B (1995)   Women-owned business growth, USA Today, USA Faludi, S (1991) Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women, Random House, London Gandossy, R P, Tucker, E and Verma, N (2006) Workforce wake-up call: your workforce is changing, are you?, John Wiley and Sons, USA Goode, W J (1982) ‘Why Men Resist’, in B Thorn and M Yalom (eds.) Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions, Longman Inc. New York Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998) ‘Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. Haslett, B, Geis, FL and Carter, M R (1992) The Organizational Woman: Power and Paradox, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA Kabeer, N, Stark, A and Magnus E (2008) Global perspectives on gender equality: reversing the gaze, Routledge, New York /   Oxford Kimmel, M (2004) Men and masculinities, ABC-CLIO, USA Melzer, P (2006) Alien constructions: science fiction and feminist thought, University of Texas Press, USA Mills, M (2001) Challenging violence in schools: an issue of masculinities, Open University Press, UK Mutua, A D (2006) Progressive Black masculinities, CRC Press, USA Nelson, S M (2006) Handbook of gender in archaeology, Rowman Altamira, Lanham Phillips, M (2011) ‘The real reason our hospitals are a disgrace’, Daily Mail, 17th October 2011, London. Robinson, S. 2000 ‘Introduction: Visibility, Crisis and the Wounded White Male Body’, in Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis, Columbia University Press, New York Rudman, L A and Glick, P (2001) ‘Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Towards Agentic Women’,   Journal of Social Issues, 57:4, 743-762 Ruxton, S (2004) Gender equality and men: learning from practice, Oxfam, UK United States Small Business Administration (1993) Women Business Owners, SBA, Washington DC Walby, S (1997) Gender transformations, Routledge, UK. Whitehead, S M (2001) The masculinities reader, Wiley-Blackwell, Cambridge. Whitehead, S M and Moodley, R (1999) Transforming managers: gendering change in the public sector, Routledge, London. Wittenberg-Cox, A and   Maitland, A (2009)   Why Women Mean Business, John Wiley Sons, USA

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays

O and Tim Blake Nelson Essays O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay O and Tim Blake Nelson Essay The most obvious difference between the two movies is the settings. Oliver Parker has kept Othello in Venice while Tim Blake Nelson has made a more contemporary setting. Just as the settings of the two movies are drastically different, Othello and Odin appropriately fit into each setting. Oliver Parker’s Othello is an experienced solider who is incredibly mature and aware of himself. He has great trust in Iago and sees him as confidante and wants to hear all of his thoughts. Even though he has this trust in Iago, there is still a distance of leader and servant between the two which is probably why Othello verbally announces his trust in Desdemona. Tim Blake Nelson’s Odin, however embodies a high schooler. Odin is young and seems extremely immature. Odin has complete trust in Hugo and when Hugo suggests watching Desi more closely, he does just that. Instead of having leader and servant relationship, it feels like Odin and Hugo are on equal levels and are friends. Just as their characters are different, Othello and Odin’s reactions to Iago/Hugo are different. When Iago told Othello about his suspicions about Desdemona, Othello holds his appearance. His anger and uncertainty is suppressed because he understands that there might be a misunderstanding. He insists that he does not suspect anything for appearance sake, but in his mind he is having a lot of suspicions. However Odin is close to believing every word Hugo feeds to him and immediately follows his suggestions. After having the idea of adultery in their minds, Othello and Odin start treating Desdemona/Desi differently. Othello still has some trust with Desdemona and mostly keeps his suspicions to himself. He keeps his reservations fairly well hidden. Odin on the other hand is extremely verbal and even acts on his anger. When Michael walks out of the house, he refuses to talk to him which suggests an immaturity which has yet to develop outward courtesy. Odin, in fact, expresses his anger so much that he is insistent on Desi’s unfaithfulness. What puts him over the edge is probably when Michael was asked to replace Odin on the basketball team where Odin promptly throws a couple of punches at Michael, storms out of the court, and slams the door behind him, which shows a lack of discipline, childishness, and the inability to control his emotions. Shakespeare’s plays are open to interpretation and that is perhaps the reason why his plays can has drastically different settings but still convey the same themes and emotions. Oliver Parker introduces us to a well-respected, responsible Othello while Tim Blake Nelson creates a new highly-emotional, highly-mistrustful Odin. While they are the same â€Å"character† they both possess different qualities.

History Of Globalization Of NIGERIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History Of Globalization Of NIGERIA - Essay Example Prior to 1986, economic governments were regulated and Nigeria pursued expansionary monetary and fiscal policies in its development attempts. These issues were worsened by corruption and political instability. Consequently, investment choices were deformed, thus eroding the confidence of foreign investors (Heaton and Toyin 1). A striking degree of international integration in trade was accomplished years back before the World War I. However, this global economy collapsed in the era between the two World Wars. The proportion of trade to overall output that was accomplished by industrial nations in 1913 was not reached again up to the early 1970s. Having said that the first global economy took place before the First World War is a clear indication that Nigeria did not take part in this global economy. Its economy in the 1800s was entirely self-insufficient and traditional. The economic system of Nigeria relied on batter trade and gave little or no vacuum for capital accumulation. Violence was the key weapon used in the incorporation of Nigeria into the typical global capitalist economy. Levels of violence included physical, structural, and psychological violence, all that led Nigeria into pitiable and dreadful conditions. This drained both non-material and material resources of the country, thus making Nigeria adopt â€Å"dependent capitalism† in the early 19th century. To handle the poor condition in the global economy in Nigeria, the oil boom explained the shift from agricultural production to non-oil products for export, to petroleum, service, and construction industries. This move accounted for the country’s dependence on one commodity, as the major source of foreign revenue. British rule worsened differences of religion, community, and class in Nigeria. In the 1930s, there emerged national movements that were spearheaded by upcoming elites of business professionals and business people, who

The UK Mobile Phone Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The virtual project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Major Causes Of Information Systems Failure Information Technology Essay

Major Causes Of Information Systems Failure Information Technology Essay What are the major causes of information systems failures. What strategies can organisations take to face the challenges and ensure the success. An information system project according to Ewusi-Mensah (1997) is any information technology project intended to meet the information processing need of an organization. In Critical issues in abandoned information system projects, Ewusi-Mensah(1997) stated that information system projects implementation requires collaboration of Information system staff that deploys and educate on the use of the software to drive the project, end users and management. It is a group-oriented activity organized and executed in teams and therefore subject to the unpredictability of group dynamics, interactions, coordination, and communication ( Ewusi-Mensah ,1997). An information system is a set of elements (people, data, and procedures) working together to provide useful information (Senn, 1990, p8). Also, information system (IS) is any set of information technology and peoples activities using that technology to backup operations, management, and decision-making (SEI Report, Glossary ). In a wider sense, the word information system is often used to refer to the relationship between people, algorithmic processes, data and technology. Therefore, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes (Kroenke, D. M. 2008). An information system consists of computers, instructions, stored facts, people and procedures. A systems failure occurs when a system does not meet its requirements or when the level of discontentment with a system increases to the level that there is no enough provision to sustain it. Â  Information system project failure may be as a result of its inability to meet users requirements and/or overruns pertaining to budget or completion time (Yeo, K. T. 2002). Studies have shown that many failed projects are over budget, some by as much as 189%. May, L (1998) in Major causes of software failure stated that only one-sixth (16.67%) of projects are finished as schedule and within budget. An information system failure can cause financial loss, commercial embarrassment, loss of customers and revenue streams, sanctions and the loss of staff morale or stakeholder allegiance in an organization. Examples of system failures includes an alarm system that fails to sound when pressed, an automated door that fails to open and close on its own accord on approach, ammunition that detonates pre maturely, and other similar conditions. This article discusses the causes of information system project failures and strategies organizations can take to face the challenges and ensure success. The Standish group (1995) in (Yeo, K. T. 2002) classified project outcome as Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. According to the group, 16.2%,52.7% and 31.1% of projects fall into Types 1,2 and 3 classes respectively. A successful project classified as the Type 1 projects are those that were successfully implemented within the stated time and budget with all required features and functionality specified. The challenged projects classified as the Type 2 projects are those that suffer budget overruns and/ or program slips thereby failing to completely achieve its goal even though they are completed and operational while Type 3 project classified as the Impaired projects are those cancelled or abandoned at some point during the development cycle The Standish group (1995) in (Yeo, K. T. 2002). Technical failure may not necessarily be the cause of project impairment, lack of adoption of a technically faultless Information system project by end users or corporate management consequently resulting in its lack of use or underutilization denotes failure (Yeo, K. T. 2002). From this view point, Information system is said to be a socio-technical system. Land and Hirschheim (1983) described an information sys tem as a social system that uses information technology. This can be explained in the sense that as a technical system, a system that fails in an organization can be successfully implemented in another organization while as a social system an Information system can be successfully implemented in an organization while the implementation of another information system can result in failure (Davies G. B. et al, 1992). Information System as a type of socio-technical system The mediating concept between actions and technology is refer to as information systems.(Beynon-Davies P. 2009). The technical system dimension consists of both operational and functional features. The operational features apply to the technology(effectiveness of the hardware or software as well as the friendliness of the technologys user interfaces) while the functional features relate to the performance relative to expected functionality . Technology as a component of the technical system refers to hardware, software and other related technology. This pertains to the functionality of the system, whether it is up or down when a person needs to use it. User interfaces refers to the link between the human user and the software/hardware technology (input screens, output screens, paper input forms and paper output reports). Error rates in the transfer of data from one medium to another and the time that users require to become familiar with the system all constitute indicators of performance of the implemented system while Information requirements as a technical system component refers to the ability of the Information system implemented to give new capabilities than the one being replaced. Careful study of the organization to know its information need is essential ( Davies G. B. et al). The social system refers to the features of organizational setting which exist in an organization even as people enter and leave the organization. The components of this system include; acceptance/rejection of the technical system, theories in use, measures of performance to expectation and the developmental process of the system. Rejection or underutilization may be based on the premise that the introduction of new technology is instrumental to deskilling or job loss (Davies G. B. et al, 1992). Characteristic features of Information system project Information system projects are capital and labour intensive usually requiring a huge sum of money to implement. Its failure can cause a huge financial loss to an organization and therefore there is need for adequate planning before its implementation to ensure that desired expectations are met. An information system is a type of socio-technical system which is critical to the survival and well-being of companies. As a result, the right technology must be deployed and the end users educated on its use and benefits. Also, Brooks in Ewusi-Mensah (1997) stated that IS projects are conceptual in nature (i.e. it is pure thought stuff which is invisible and unvisualizable). In addition, there are certain risks and uncertainties such as large project size, unfamiliarity with the new technology and unstable information requirements associated with projects that are difficult to assess prior to the start of the project. IS projects as stated earlier are group oriented requiring members from different backgrounds and therefore require a high degree of coordination and clear lines of communication to ensure success Ewusi-Mensah (1997). Reasons for Information System implementation To increase productivity in order to maintain competitive advantage To enhance business operations through the re-engineering of an organisations processes Changes in activities of an organisation or in the nature of the organisation. Technological Changes can lead to new production processes or using alternative materials in the manufacturing process Classification of system failures There are four major categories of Information system failure according to Lyytinen and Hirschheim (1987). The categories are as follows; Process failure: this occurs when an Information system project cannot be developed within an allocated budget and/or time schedule. The project development results in overspending in both cost and time. Correspondence failure: this occurs when the objectives and goals of the systems design are not met. Interaction failure: this is attributed to the level of end-user usage or adoption or acceptance of the implemented information system. User attitudes, data packets, user satisfaction and the degree of adoption are measures of usage of information system usage. Expectation failure: this is the inability of a system to meet its stakeholders requirement, expectations or values Another classification of failures according to Ben Meadowcroft in Why Systems fail is; Hard ware design/specification error Software developmental error: this is error due to imperfect software development as a result of inadequate test run of the program and poor user interface among others End user error: this arise a result of inadequate training and/or user resistance. Majors causes of information systems failure Unclear goals: lack of well defined project goals and objectives which is key to the success of any IS project development. There is also need to state clearly the information need of an organization and also the adoption process before attempting to introduce an information system(Lucas in Davies G. B. et al 1992) Improper reporting structure/Miscommunication: since the development of large IS projects is the work of a team drawn from diverse groups of people with responsibilities to ensure the projects success which includes IS staff, end users and senior management, there is need for the establishment of clear lines of communication and well defined lines of authority and responsibility among team members. Communication in project teams is essential to sort out dispute concerning requirements of design decisions among project members (Curtis et al 1988). Inept/incompetent leadership: Poor management of the project and lack of good leadership responsible for coordination and control, measurement of progress and making of vital decisions at different phases of the project. Poor technology base or infrastructure: lack of adequate technological base needed for successful implementation of the kind of systems development being considered. According to Land in G. B. Davis et al, the distance between the existing system and the replacement system is essential for the success of an information system. Poor project management: this has to do with inadequate measurement system to measure progress and equally identify potential risks in time to mitigate them. Lack of technical competence: the technological know-how of information systems staff is very vital to the success of IS projects as lack of familiarity with an information technology new to the IS staff is contributory to IS project failure. If a user is improperly trained then the likelihood of them making major errors is increased due to their lack of knowledge of the system. Failures by reason of lack of training should not be regarded as an error due to the individual operator as is likely with a poorly designed user interface, but as a mistake by the management. Scope creep: projects excessively grand in scope usually have higher risks and higher complexities and therefore more prone to failure. Scope is the initial blueprint of an implementation plan. Faulty hardware faulty hardware can bring about serious system failure. This factor is then again an essential one that should be given due consideration together with the more common software errors. Faulty hardware should be taken into thought when designing the systems in order to try and reduce the impact of the failure. Hardware failure is not as likely to occur as software faults but can be as damaging. Poor selection decision of project team members: the project team composition is also vital for the success of the information system project. Strategies organisations can take to ensure success of information system projects. Firstly, to ensure success of information system projects there is need for a clear and well defined IS goal. Every member of the IS project management team as well as stakeholders should know the specific information requirement of the organization as well as how to go about satisfying it. This is important to guide the information requirements phase of the development process. Failure in this area will lead to fragmented efforts and lack of focus in assembling facts to guide the rest of the development (Curtis et al 1988). Secondly, the selection of competent and qualified staff to serve as members of IS project team is very vital for successful project implementation (Brooks, 1981). Team members should be those with real prior experience and who are equally familiar with the technology being deployed. Improved training of the end users will significantly reduce system failures and improve the integrity of data stored on the computer systems. The project team should consist of the most successful people of the organization (Nah et al, 2001). Lockheed Martin, a leading aeronautical group, stated that one of its keys to success was assembling a team capable of making and executing changes required (Stedman, 1999) Also, the imposition of structure on the developmental effort of the project helps to guide it to successful completion. It involves the division of the project into phases which helps the project team realize what deliverables for each stage are and to know the extent to which they have been met. It is also important that clear lines of authority, communication and responsibility among team members be drawn. This is important since the team members are drawn from diverse units. Selection of competent leaders who will ensure that proper management and control practices are adhered to and enforced in the implementation process of an Information system is vital. Adequate safeguards and oversight by management is necessary to ensure technical personnels compliance with accepted industry standards for reporting and dealing with problems uncovered in any phase of system development. The leader should be one with both application-domain knowledge and software knowledge. There should also be regular periodic meetings to discuss the systems development effort. A successful implementation of a project is only attainable when high-level executives possess a strong commitment to the project (Davenport, 2000). Senior executives at Farmland Industries demonstrated its support to project team members by providing financial incentives to motivate the project team members. The technological infrastructure available in a company needs to be critically assessed to determine it is adequate to support the kind of system development that is to be implemented. Care should be taken not to embark on IS project development until management have the assurance that the companys technological base is adequate. Assurance from the Management Information System management should be taken to reduce the risk s and uncertainties associated with system development works. There is need for the maintenance of scope. The ability to maintain scope is related to planning and this is attainable for companies both small and large. Geishecker (1999) stated that Colgate-Palmolive Company itemised scope maintenance as a contributory factor to their success. The roll out approach for the implementation of the information system project is a very important consideration under scope maintenance. There are two approaches namely the big bang approach and the gradual (phased) rollout approach. Both approaches have their prons and cons. Oil giant Chevron attributes a phased roll out to the successful implementation of an information system project. Home Depot has also successfully implemented several modules of an Information system using the phased roll out approach (Mearian, 2000). Phased roll-out approach though more expensive and usually taking longer time, offer reduced business risk (Davenport, 2000). Internal readiness/training is also vital for the successful implementation of an information system project. The most common failure factor recorded was that of readiness for change. All employees must be trained on the new system in order to prevent underutilization of the system. Also managers must understand the implication of the system and the changes it will cause. If managers are not in agreement or cooperation, then there will be no eagerness or buy-in and this may result to resistance or lack of adoption of the new system (Davenport, 2000). Planning/development /budgeting are necessary for the success of an information system project. Planning should be intimately identified with maintaining scope during an implementation. Ineffective planning results in cost overruns and development delays. Home Depot, Lockerheed Martin and Mead Corporation are examples of companies attributing success to planning. As stated earlier, many projects especially failed ones are over budget, some as much as 189 percent. Adequate testing of the system is a key element for the successful implementation of the system. It is reported that Gillette Company withstood five months of severe testing procedures before their successful go-live date (CIO, 2000). Also, Eastman Kodak was able to complete what at the time was the largest implementation on record as a result of testing (PR Newswire, 2001). Whirlpool Corporation attributes inadequate testing as its single reason for unsuccessful and costly implementation. The company gambled on its testing program by cutting down the amount of time needed to test run the new system before implementing it in a bid to meet deadlines Conclusion The goal of this was to identify the major causes of information systems failures and strategies organisations can take to face the challenges and ensure the success? Towards this goal different articles and journals were examine. The project team compostion, management support , internal readiness of the employees, existence of technolgical infrastructure able to support and sustain the new system to be implemented, well defined goals which is in line with the organizations goal, adquately tested system, clear and well defined reporting structure and good leadership are all vital ingredients to ensure the successful implementation as well as utilization of a newly deployed information system. It is to be noted that even though a system technically faultless, underutilization as a result of lack of full acceptance or understanding of how to adopt the information system for day to day operation amounts to failure of the information system. For this reason, the management must enlighte n the users of the deployed information system on the need for the change as well as attached benefits. Finally, though appropraite measures should be put in place to prevent failure of the information system project, they may still occur; but when they occur, a system failure analysis which is an investigation to determine the underlying reasons for the nonconformance to the system requirement in order to identify the causes of nonconformance equally recommend appropraite correction measures. This is because failure could have benefits expecially in relation to learning,especially in understanding the developmental process of a system and steps to take to prevent failure of future Information System development projects. Word Count = 2,932 REFERNECES Mearian, L. (2000), CEO: SAP installation caused problems, ComputerWorld, Vol. 34 No. 48, p. 20. Nah, F.F., Lau, J.L. and Kuang, J. (2001), Critical factors for successful implementation of enterprise systems, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 285-96. Ben Meadowcrof, Why Systems Fail. http://www.benmeadowcroft.com/reports/systemfailure/ Beynon-Davies P. (2009). The language of informatics: the nature of information systems. International Journal of Information Management. 29(2). 92-103 CIO (2000), Does ERP build a better business?, 15 February, pp. 114-24. Davenport, T. (2000), Mission Critical Realizing the Promise of Enterprise Systems, Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA. Geishecker, L. (1999), ERP vs best of breed, Strategic Management, March, pp. 63-6. Land, F. and Hirschheim, R. Participative Systems Design: Rationale, Tools and Techniques, Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, Vol. 10, 1983. Lyytinen, K. and Hirschheim, R. Information Systems Failures A Survey and Classification of the Empirical Literature, Oxford Surveys in IT, Vol. 4, 1987, pp. 257-309. May, L. (1998), Major causes of software project failure, Crosstalk, July. The Standish Group. The CHAOS Report (1995), 1995. http://www.standishgroup.com/chaos.html.

FireArt, Inc. Essay -- Managing Management Business Essays

FireArt, Inc. Diagnosis of team ineffectiveness and corrective action plans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FireArt, Inc. has encountered a dilemma where their competitors are now able to profitably make short runs in the production of glass. Because of this competition, Jack Derry, the CEO of FireArt, Inc. has asked Eric Holt to put "together a team†¦one person from each division, and have a comprehensive plan for the company’s strategic realignment up, running, and winning within six months." Eric, being the newly appointed Director of Strategy, knew his overall goal and creates a formal group in order to fulfill the overall organizational mission of turning the company around. However even though a formal group is created, there is a lack of specific goals and tasks. Eric who only had experience managing working group with professional from similar backgrounds actually created a working group than a team. Moreover, the members did not interact with one another prior to coming together, and did not perceive themselves to be in a group. While the team cons ists of various division heads of the organization, Randy Louderback the director of sales and marketing does not believe that groups are worthwhile. Eric formed this temporary group, which would ceases to exist once the job is carried out. This group, although temporary, never really gets off the ground due to lack of leadership-management skills, lack of clear attainable goals, team structure and incompatibilities of the group members. Team Dynamics and Structure:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One issue that is faced by the group is the lack of team dynamics as well as the pressure being felt to devise and implement a comprehensive plan in six months. Some managers create groups to aide in team dynamics as groups serve functions such as organizational, psychological, and personal. The group that Eric set up was created to generate ideas in order to beat the competition. However, due to the conflict from the team members, idea creation was never brought about. Additionally, the psychological functions that give an outlet for affiliation needs and the personal functions of increased self-esteem, increased security, and a sense of identity are never achieved. With the creation of his group, Eric was faced with a peer, in particular, that strongly believes â€Å"that groups are useless†. There are variables that affect the integration in groups of org... ...uctive thinking will help members think better to solve problems and contribute innovative ideas. The lack of ideas is demonstrated on how the first couple of times the members met they had difficulty coming up with innovative/creative ideas on how to solve the company’s troubles. Also, when Ray, Maureen, and Carl presented their ideas they did not challenge Randy’s comment, â€Å"Let’s do everything, why don’t we, including redesign the kitchen sink!† If they had, the team could have had an open discussion on the merits of each and possibly evolved into a more cohesive problem solving group. Lastly, FireArt Inc. is family owned business and probably Jack Derry ultimately authorizes a lot of decisions. However, for the team to be fully effective it will be important for the team to be granted decision-making authority. This will prevent the team from forming easily acceptable and non-controversial solutions to the problem. Once the team is functioning properly any ideas on how save the company must be accepted. It is also important for the team to be aware that they are anchored in organizational realities that are outside of their control and affect the success of their efforts.